It is associated with the nairobi sheep disease virus. Overview of nairobi sheep disease generalized conditions. Nairobi sheep disease medical definition merriamwebster. Related viruses occur in nigeria dugbe virus of cattle and india ganjam virus in sheep and goats. The diagnosis of nairobi sheep disease relies on the inoculation of tissue culture with suspensions of infected samples followed by identification of the virus using indirect immunofluorescent assay. This highly pathogenic, tickborne virus is a world. Atlanta, ga 30333, usa 800cdcinfo 8002324636 contact cdcinfo. Resolutions passed by the international committee and recommendations issued by the regional commissions instructed the oie headquarters to establish a single oie list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases to replace the former lists a and b the aim in drawing up a single list was to be in line with the. The nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus nsdv, also known as ganjam virus is a species in. The recent application of molecular sequencing techniques to the viruses that.
A similar disease has also been reported in north east india, where it was called ganjam. Oielisted diseases, infections and infestations in force in 2020. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv is a zoonotic and tickborne disease that can. Nairobi sheep disease nsd is a ticktransmitted disease of small ruminants, particularly sheep, caused by the nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv and characterized by fever, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, abortion, and high mortality. Overview of nairobi sheep disease merck veterinary manual. Classification of the causative agent resistance to. Nairobi sheep disease is a viral disease of sheep and goats that causes hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with very high morbidity and mortality. Nairobi sheep disease nsd was identified as a problem in sheep and goats in kenya in 1910 annual report agricultural department, kenya, 19. Nairobi sheep disease is a one of the most pathogenic diseases of small ruminants. World animal health publication and handistatus ii dataset for 2004. Only one serotype is recognised but strains exist of variable virulence.
Montgomerys seminal work established that the disease occurred only in sheep and, to a lesser extent, goats, and was spread only via ixodid ticks, not directly from sheep to sheep. Nairobi sheep disease nsd is caused by nairobi sheep. Nairobi sheep disease nsd was first observed as acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis near nairobi, kenya in 1910. The antibody responses to experimental nairobi sheep disease vaccines have been assayed. Nairobi disease occurs in kenya, in uganda, in some regions of the republic of south africa, and elsewhere. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv infects sheep and goats and is transmitted by. Animal health branch list of reportable conditions for animals and animal products pursuant to section 9101 of the california food and agricultural code, title 3 california code of regulations 797 and title 9 code of federal regulations section 161. Nsdv causes nairobi sheep disease which is one of the most pathogenic diseases of sheep and goats. It has since been identified in several places in east africa. Nairobi sheep disease virus causes acute gastroenteritis with hemorrhagic symptoms in sheep and goats, with mortality rates over 90% in some populations.
Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 1. A survey of nairobi sheep disease antibody in sheep and. Nsdv was first recognized at the beginning of the twentieth century as a disease of sheep and goats in kenya. The nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus nsdv, also known as ganjam virus is a species in the genus orthonairovirus belonging to the nairobi sheep disease serogroup. B114 malignant catarrhal fever specify wildebeest or sheep form b115 bovine spongiform encephalopathy bse n158 epizootic hemorrhagic disease ehd c6 melioidosis burkholderia pseudomallei caprine and ovine a010 foot. Epizootics of nsdv have been reported in parts of africa where susceptible herds of sheep have been moved to nsdvendemic areas, resulting in decimation of whole herds 14. Nairobi sheep disease nsd is a tickborne viral disease of sheep and goats characterized by fever and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, abortion, and high mortality. Nairobi sheep disease how is nairobi sheep disease. The responses to attenuated vaccines were inadequate to protect against challenge with virulent virus. In susceptible animals, this tickborne viral infection results in a hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with very high morbidity and mortality rates. The causative virus is passed transovarially by the female tick to the larvae, where it can survive for over 3 months. Montgomerys seminal work established that the disease occurred only in sheep and, to a lesser extent, goats, and was spread only. Nairobi sheep disease virus an overview sciencedirect topics. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv, also in the genus nairovirus, causes fever, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, and abortion in sheep and goats in east africa 14.
Development and testing of the elisa with sera of experimentally infected rabbits and sheep. First identified in nairobi, kenya, in 1910, it is considered endemic in east africa 1,3. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv infects sheep and goats and is transmitted by ticks. The disease was characterized by the sudden onset of pyrexia with prostration, followed by a profuse foetid diarrhoea. The virus belongs to the family bunyaviridae, in the genus nairovirus.
Reporting of the following diseases to the state veterinarian must occur within 2 business days. A survey of nairobi sheep disease antibody in sheep and goats. Pdf the nairovirus nairobi sheep disease virusganjam. In the wild, the blue gnu and members of the genus rattus may be the reservoir of the disease. Resolutions passed by the international committee and recommendations issued by the regional commissions instructed the oie headquarters to establish a single oie list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases to replace the former lists a and b. Ganjam virus, a variant of nsdv, is found in india and sri lanka 2. Nsdvs known hosts belong to the hard tick family ixodidae, including rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and amblyomma variegatum, and afflict sheep and goats naturally.
In the present study, ticks were collected respectively from sheep, cattle and by netting over the vegetation. Nairobi sheep disease bont tick amblyomma hebraeum heartwater european castor bean tick ixodes ricinus bovine babesiosis bovine anaplasmosis louping ill tickborne fever of cattle, sheep, goats licking fly musca vitripennis infectious keratoconjunctivitis bovine filariasis. Until recently, the causative viruses were only known to. Contact information centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd. An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay elisa for the detection of antibodies to nairobi sheep disease virus in comparison with an indirect immunofluorescent and hemagglutination test. Wed like to understand how you use our websites in order to improve them. It got its name from the nairobi sheep disease that affects the gastrointestinal tracts of sheep and goats. Nairobi informal settlements coordination committee.
Research tickborne arbovirus surveillance in market livestock. Despite efforts to control the disease, some regions, mostly in warmer climates, persistently report disease outbreaks. Nsd has a high mortality rate in susceptible sheep and goats. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv was first recognised in 1917 as the causative agent of a disease that was affecting sheep brought up from the masai region of kenya for sale in the nairobi livestock markets 1.
Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv of the genus nairovirus causes a haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats with mortality up to 90%. Genomic analysis reveals nairobi sheep disease virus to be highly diverse and present in both africa, and in india in the form of the ganjam virus variant. Enzootic abortion of ewes ovine chlamydiosis nairobi sheep disease. Pdf the nairovirus nairobi sheep disease virusganjam virus.
Ganjam virus, a variant of nsdv, is found in india and sri lanka. The antibody response of sheep following infection with nairobi sheep disease virus. The distribution of antibody to nairobi sheep disease in sheep and goats in kenya was found to coincide closely with that of the tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Apr 14, 2020 nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv is a zoonotic and tickborne disease that can cause over 90% mortality in small ruminants. Nairobi sheep disease virus rna in ixodid ticks, china, 20.
It was not until 1917 that the causative agent was identified as a virus that infected both sheep and goats. The virus causes acute gastroenteritis with mortality rate of 90% in susceptible population. It is caused by a virus transmitted by ticks from infected animal to infected animal. The authors are very grateful to the immeasurable efforts of many scientists who have devoted much of their time in documenting the management systems and diseases of small ruminants with particular reference to those occurring in the subsaharan region.
Studies on virus properties, epizootiology and vaccination in uganda. Until recently, the causative viruses were only known to exist in parts of africa and on the indian subcontinent. The responses to an inactivated methanol precipitated vaccine were comperable with those following infection with virulent virus. Ganjam virusnairobi sheep disease virus induces a pro. Orthonairovirus is a genus in the family nairoviridae of the order bunyavirales that include viruses with circular, negativesense single stranded rna. Research tickborne arbovirus surveillance in market. The proportions of a population in an enzootic area with antibody was similar in the different age groups. Nairobi sheep disease virus, an important tickborne pathogen of sheep and goats in africa, is also present in asia. Nairobi sheep disease virus and ganjam virus are transmitted by tick bites. Nairobi sheep disease nsd was first identified at the beginning of the 20 th century by montgomery as a disease affecting sheep and goats in parts of kenya. Sheep and goat diseases caprine arthritisencephalitis contagious agalactia contagious caprine pleuropneumonia enzootic abortion of ewes ovine chlamydiosis maedivisna nairobi sheep disease ovine epididymitis brucella ovis peste des petits ruminants salmonellosis s. Nairobi sheep disease nsd is caused by nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv of the genus nairovirus of the bunyaviridae family.
In the present study, ticks were collected respectively from sheep, cattle and by netting over the vegetation technical appendix table 1. Nsdv has a limited effect on animals bred in areas to which the virus is endemic. Rift valley fever rvf virus is a negativesense, trisegmented rna virus of the within the order bunyavirales, family phenuiviridae, genus phlebovirus. It was first identified as the causative agent of the disease in 1917 and is transmitted by the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Nairobi sheep disease is a one of the most pathogenic diseases of small. Tick collection, rna extraction and processing, solexa sequencing, and analysis of data.
Nairobi sheep disease virus an overview sciencedirect. Nairobi disease article about nairobi disease by the free. The vast majority, and perhaps all viruses in this genus are tickborne viruses that can have human or other vertebrate hosts. Sheep and goat diseases caprine and ovine brucellosis not b. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus an overview sciencedirect topics. Electron microscopic studies on the morphology of nairobi. The disease was first identified near nairobi, kenya, in 1910, and nsd virus was shown to be the causative agent in 1917. Ovine epididymitis brucella ovis ovine progressive pneumoniamaedivisna salmonellosis s. Nsdv has historically circulated in east africa and has recently emerged in the asian continent. Nairobi sheep disease virus the pirbright institute.
June 2016 or importance nairobi sheep disease is a one of the most pathogenic diseases of small ruminants. Nairobi disease an acute, infectious viral disease of sheep and goats, characterized by fever and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Sop manual 2 nairobi sheep disease etiology and ecology 1. Nairobi sheep disease by iowa state university center. Nsdv has a singlestranded rna genome, that is surrounded by a capsid and an envelope. Humans can be infected by the virus but suffer only mild illness. Dec 23, 2016 the nairobi sheep disease nsd virus is transmitted by the tick species rhipicephalus appendiculatus and causes severe losses in sheep in east africa. Nairobi sheep disease virus nsdv is a zoonotic and tickborne disease that can cause over 90% mortality in small ruminants. Nairobi sheep disease is a noncontiguous, tickborne, viral infection of sheep and goats characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and high mortality. Capinera and others published nairobi sheep disease find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate.